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Major phenomenon in the majority of the industrialized countries unemployment is today a daily reality for very many people. Unemployment is a state of anybody without employment, available to work, and seeking an employment. Then unemployment is the principal cause of faintness social and thereafter we will show that they exist other causes has this faintness.

Unemployment is the principal cause of faintness social in the suburbs of the large cities. It is often noticed that unemployment is in general higher in the centre town than in periphery. Indeed the richest districts have low rates of unemployment whereas the popular districts have high rates of unemployment. In this district the families are often numerous, there are much young person and much from abroad. Unemployment is particularly high there and and the rather low level of education. The distance with employment can appear an important obstacle with obtaining an use, insofar as the success of a search for employment depends, of the localization.

Moreover incentives has to seek an employment can be weak for the individuals residing far from employment. The price of housing being in general low far from the centers of employment, the unemployed ones lying in these zones will be encouraged to find an employment because the acceptance of an employment can require the removal towards a zone where the rents are higher. The employers can draw aside the applicants for work living in certain zones located far from employment because of the prejudices associated with this localization. Indeed, if these zones are characterized by a raised rate of delinquency, then the employers can consider that on average their residents have more chance to be criminal and to refuse to engage them.

These various elements suggest that the districts located far from employment have rates of unemployment higher than those which of it are close. From another problem the foreigner indeed will have evil has to thus speak the language about the country they come to be added will have more difficulties found a work.

In the context of the American cities, where employment was moved towards the periphery of the cities and where the black workers continued to reside at the center of the cities, one could show that the distance with employment constituted principal the causes of the rate of high unemployment and of the weak wages observed among the American black workers.

All these things create an exclusion social to improve this faintness it is necessary create jobs.

But of other cause can explain this faintness social. Indeed One also observes important differences in terms of quality of the schools and Level of education from one city to another, but also between the various districts of the same city, even of the same district. This is clearly the case for the American cities but also for the French cities, in particular in Paris where there are great differences in terms of quality of the schools. The quality of the school very strongly depends on the residential localization. The factors which influence the quality of a school and the level of education are numerous. In the poor districts, the parents have a low level of education and their children will have weak chances. Since the quality of the school of these districts is the result of these two characteristics then its level will be itself weak. Moreover one child is likely more to acquire a good level of education if its neighbors have themselves a good level of education. For example of an alive black in a very poor district of a large American city which, thanks to a good level had succeeded in taking down a purse at the prestigious university of Harvard. her friends who had remained in the ghetto it had called "the green", an intermediate color between the black and the white because it had to some extent betrayed them by adhering to the standard white whereas it was not it. The feeling young person in question rejected of the two worlds (white and black) had then stopped his higher education to be able to find a lost identity.

In the poor districts of the American centres town, the group attaches a larger value to the fact of being a good player of baskets or a salesman of drug that to the school performance; it is then very difficult for the young people to escape from the standard from the group by continuing the school . In the rich districts where the standard is rather to be performance at the school, it is certainly easier to acquire a good level of education. the local rate of unemployment, the school success that they lived when they were children, are characteristics which exert a significant influence on the wages of these same people become adult.

But the delinquency is one of the causes of faintness social. In the United States, the delinquency is stronger in the large cities than in the small cities or the rural zones. one observes in the majority of the large American cities the delinquency is strongly concentrated in a restricted number of zones . For example, in the majority of the American agglomerations, the rates of delinquency are much higher in the centre town than in periphery. The fact of living in a vicinity where other young people are implied in criminal businesses strongly increases the individual probability to make an offence . Lastly, the distance with employment of certain people, in particular of the ethnic minorities (blacks in the United States), can also explain why they tend more to make offences than the majority group (white in the United States). The mechanism is as follows. If it is believed that the blacks have a rate of delinquency higher than the white - the offers of wages of the blacks will be weaker. In order to fight more effectively against the problem known as of the suburbs in France, it is necessary to act at the same time on the three factors, namely, the offer labour market of education and development of the delinquency, by holding account owing to the fact that space amplifies these phenomena. One could moved the poor families of districts towards easier districts, it makes it possible to fight against the various inequalities in the city and to promote a certain social co-education.

Thus the place where the individuals live strongly affects their behaviors with respect to work, of education and the delinquency. Space strongly amplifies the inequalities between individuals and creates strong disparities. the distance with employment can present an important obstacle important with the acquisition of an employment. For education, exists of strong difference because of causes of the school and of its parents. Lastly, the delinquency also depends it on the place of residence. These three factors are not independent but, on the contrary, the others interact. There are unfortunately districts which cumulate all the disadvantages: low levels of education with schools of bad quality, rates of very high unemployment and delinquency. They are also districts where there is a strong proportion of different people. These people are even more vulnerable because they iare discriminated on the labour market and other markets, like those of housing and the credit. It then becomes very complicated to fight against this accumulation of negative aspects.

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